Jain,a (2009) Low carbon city

Jain,a (2009) "Low carbon city" Discovery Publishing House 

• Introduction - Av inc 2.3-4.8 deg C with climate change. Need change planning/design to low carmon and integrated approach. Need to disagregate issues by community/city/region/state/global - then integrate at policy, strategic and operational level. Need to interface regional , physical, env, transport, social,legal, magmt, financial and other (talks about factor 4).
• Move to walkable cities - 800 (m) , 10 min walk. .Simple as inc Floor space index (FSI) or FAR (Floor area ration). Shanghai 1990 2.28 road area per capita, now 12.3 sqm - green areas are 9.16. Indian megacities need to plan so that areas under circulation and social infrastructure 10 sq m per capital each.
• Env and built form - Used mandala as form for building cities origionally. Due to change, population and land speculation built form in India is ocmplex, amorphous ad chaotic. Reaching Crisis. Two key geometric systems in delhi - rectangular grid - government buildigs, and hexoganal is local/residential.
• 15 - Delhi- priorities for he environment -  First ever Statutory Master Plan (1962) with focus on phsical environment conducive for social-economic growth, health and saftey befitting capital. Unforutnately Delhi is one of the most polluted cities in the world now 5 million veichles. RUnnig out of land water, power and air. Nex master plan MDP 2021 underlines importance of enviro conservation including of the ridge annd river Yumana.  Several important interventions of supreme and high couts - banning mining, quarrying and bring manufacturing (1992), shifting non-conforming, hazardous and noxious indistruies from urban area (1996), removing 15 yo commercial vehichles, shifiting non conforming uses of ridge, banning parks for marriage.
• Significant population growth ->pressure on land  housing transport. 60% of land area urbanised.  Trend of unauthorise colonisation and commercialisation of rural lands including farm houses for banquests, marriages, offices etc. 
• Water - delhi can onl ful half of the 1200 mg of water it needs. Need to conserve water, harvest rainwater, treat it, and recycle. ALso need to regenerate River Yamuna.
• Need to upgrade sewage and drainage plants, explore energy from sewage, decetralise for local treatment, and mandatory recycyling of waste water in large industry.
• Solid waste - .6 kg per capital per day - 6-7000 metric tons per day - most disposed off in open drains parks, sanitary land fills. Options - community pariticpation, recyling, involing NGO's in programs, energy from waste, seperatation of orgaic and inorganic.
• Transportation - Mostly road based with Ring an radial pattern of roads.MRTS was approve din 1996 and 2005 netwek of 11 km of underground metro and 44 above rail corridors and 45 stations.
• Green space - lucky to hav 20% of  urban area of greenery. Unique feature of delhi is ridge the rocky outcrop of Aravali ranges which is protected.
• Management and capacity building - Need effective institutionanla structures and systems for integrated planning, development and enforcement. Soutions lie outside borders oten so alos need integrated regional plan, NCR (National Capital Region) plan and Delhi Master plan. Can also collaborate with state government/local bodoes for takin gup decentralisation projects suhcas wholesale trade, industries, public undertakings, government offices, housing etc. Environment management should deveail urban planning and development, revenue generation, acton planning, institutional capacity building, multi-year programs and tech upgrades. Multi-sector investment program (MSIP) and physical and environment development plans (PEDP) should constitute planning - and link to community projects and have regulator provision to facilitate involvement of NGO and private sectors. Multi-year investment planning should match priorities of he sate budget 5 year plans. Neworking wiht international and national env programs - Urban ENvironment management program (World Bank/UN), Citynet, Healthy cities (WHO, UMP etc)
• Urban landscape and ecology - Regional setting of of Delhi has benefits that are worth protechning in terms of geomorphological identity. Delhi was planned geometrically by Lutyen
• Delhi Biodiversity -  Delhi is bounded by forests by and filled with gardens. 10.2% of Delhi geographical area has forest and tree cover. 14 city forests. Ridge if charachterised biotropical thorny secoday forest known as rakes or an arid open scrub forest.  Bulk co-dominant spinous scrubs and tress. Ground thorn season **Bansa has medicinal value.  Ridge critical for assimilation of gas pollutants, ground water recharge, prevention of erosion and siltation, bio-diersity, recreation. There is a triangle of The Yamuna dn Hindon reivers and the tail end of the Aravalil range that form traiangular plain - which has been ccradle of ruling dynasties.  A committeee was established to manage the ridge (Lovraj Committee).  Have been some rulings such sa one against stone crushers to enforce Delhi Development Act.  New Master plan 2021 emphasises sustainability. In addition with pop set to hit 23 mil with 100,000 industries -> degredation of ecologiy. E.g native medicinal herbas that grew roadside have disapeard.  Green cover of ridge -> mono culture and of 444 species of birds 107 under severe pressure. Looking to set up Yamuna Bio-diversity Park to repair and replicate ecosystems and preserve species, promote education, and ecotourism .
• Making Delhi a low Carbon City - Delhi one of largest and most polluted cities in the workd 50% of 1483 sqm km's urbanised. Need to continue integrate approach.  Three key approaches need to be adopted - (a) Management of natural resources, conservation and development of natura resources, development an preservation of open spaces, greeens and landcape.
• Water - Surface water includes River Yamuna, drains and lakes and ponods.  Aquifiers  occur up to 70m depth. Yamuna highly polluted, water is ineqitably distributed, capacity to treat waste water deficient.Annual raiwater harvesting potential estimated at 900 billion litres
• Buses constitute 60% of transport load while perseonal veichles (93% of the veichles) only to 30% of demand -> huge congestion road spaces and parking issues. Air pollution can be solved only through public transport.
• Solid waste management reaching serious proportions. Waste from unquthorised developments, slums, JJ settlements not collected -> degredation. Av garbage collection by year 2021 is 68 kg per capital per day.  Where sewage not provided can do on household and local basis with distributed effluent treatment plants.
• Recycling and regeneration are critical - recycling of water, solid waste, land regeneration , recharging (traditional areas) and rejuvenation (ricver, water bodies , parks etc).
• Technology upgradation - Revival if watersged development, harvesting and conservation of rain water and resolve water crisis. Tech such as decentralized water treatment, solar/aerobic oidation and root zone cleaning systems can be employed to purify potable water. Exisitn tech needs to be re-assessed wiht reference to env, hygiene and accesiblility and alternatives such as extended areation, biogas, bubble diffusion, flotation, anearobic reactors.